Islands on the seam
The Hindu Sunday Magazine
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/islands-on-the-seam/article17407991.ece
Early last January , the Andaman & Nicobar Islands administration
in Port Blair received a curious plan for the development of the
islands via the office of the NITI Aayog. Titled ‘An Approach Paper on
‘Prospects of Island Development - Options for India’, it was intriguing
at various levels.
First, it was drafted not by the regular
agencies, but by the New Delhi based Integrated Headquarters of Ministry
of Defence—(Navy). For a paper prepared by the defence establishment,
the focus was surprisingly less on strategic and defence-related
projects and more on economic activities such as rail construction, port
and petrochemical complex development, special economic zones (SEZ) and
the tourism industry. At another level, for a plan that articulates the
need for economic, social, ecological and cultural sustainability in
development strategy, it was strikingly ignorant of the historical,
social, ecological and legal context of the unique island system.
Of
particular relevance here is the Andaman and Nicobar Protection of
Aboriginal Tribes Regulation (ANPATR) that was promulgated in 1956.
Significant areas of the islands have been protected under this
regulation for indigenous communities like the Jarawa and the Onge. The
Approach Paper in its 40-odd pages does not have any mention of ANPATR
even as it proposes a number of projects that will impinge directly on
the lands and rights protected by the regulation.
50 years ago
As
I read the plan, my mind went back to the late 1990s when I had just
started to work on issues concerning the islands. I had then, quite
accidentally, come across another proposal for the development of
A&N. This was the ‘Report by the Inter-Departmental Team on
Accelerated Development Programme for A&N Islands’, published in
1965 by the Ministry of Rehabilitation. It laid out a roadmap and set
the stage for what was to happen over the decades that followed.
It
was, in fact, a blueprint for the ‘colonisation’ of the islands, both
in letter and spirit. Chapter 12 was even titled ‘Colonisation’, and it
struck me hard to see a country that had been a colony till 1947 talking
the language and the intent of the coloniser less than two decades
later. The forests on the islands, inhabited by the Onge and the Jarawa,
were referred to as ‘Jarawa infested’ and the forests had no value but
for their timber.
Little Andaman Island, the roughly 730 square
kilometres that is home to the indigenous Onge community has,
interestingly, been a pivot in both plans even though they are separated
by more than five decades. The 1965 plan suggested the clearance of
60,000 acres of forests, the settling in of 12,000 families from the
mainland, and the establishment of an integrated industrial complex that
would include timber and sugar industries.
The 2016 vision
includes the island’s transformation into an integrated tourism complex
through long-lease or a PPP model, development of an international
airport, and the construction of a new harbour at Dugong Creek for
inter-island connectivity. The clock, it seems, has not moved at all for
planners and powers that be.
What
is particularly striking about last year’s plan is its complete
ignorance and lack of engagement with the tectonic changes that have
taken place in the legal and policy framework of the country, quite
apart from matters of geology and ecology. The premise is clearly what
anthropologist Vishvajit Pandya described as ‘terra-nullius’—empty,
unexplored, virgin territory that is waiting to be acted upon and
operationalised. One needs only to scratch the surface to realise how
deeply flawed and violative it is.
Unreal plans
One
might argue that 1965 was a different era, but it’s difficult to
understand how in 2016, the tribal regulation is not accounted for at
all; the fact that 520 sq. km. of Little Andaman is protected as the
Onge Tribal Reserve and that Dugong Creek, where the harbour is
proposed, is located deep inside the Reserve and has the most important
settlement of Onges.
The plan does not account for realities
such as the fact that drinking water is a big challenge in many of the
islands, that the islands are located in Seismic Zone V, part of the
world’s most active seismic regions, that earthquakes are regular
occurrences, that the 2004 tsunami was caused by an earthquake not far
from the Nicobar Islands, and that tourism will be the first and the
worst affected in case of calamities like earthquakes, tsunamis and
cyclones, which occur here regularly.
At a meeting of the NITI
Aayog held in September last year, the plan for the promotion of
high-end tourism in four islands—Smith, Ross, Avis and Long—was
approved. Little Andaman too came up for detailed discussion, though a
decision was thankfully deferred on account of concerns raised in
various quarters, including the A&N administration. But a follow-up
call for proposals issued in November 2016 by NITI Aayog does include
Little Andaman.
With a former minister in the BJP-ruled Delhi
government, Jagdish Mukhi, now the Lieutenant Governor of the islands,
it is likely there will be a greater thrust on development plans, with
tourism being given top priority. The impact this will have on forests,
biodiversity and on the Onge community can only be imagined.
When
the government team went to Little Andaman in 1964-65, the entire
island was a tribal reserve, the forests unexploited, and the Onge the
sole residents on the island they have inhabited for thousands of years.
Half a century of ‘development’ later, the Onge Reserve is roughly 30%
smaller (more than 200 sq. km of forest has been handed over for
settlements, plantations, agriculture), the remaining forests are under
increasing pressure, and for every Onge on Little Andaman there are now
about 200 individuals from outside. The land of the Onge is not the land
of the Onge any more. What more needs to be said?
The writer researches issues at the intersection of environment, science, society and technology.
